Problems of valuation and recognition of crypto assets in accounting

Abstract

The relevance of the study is determined by the growing prevalence of crypto asset transactions in business activities and the need to ensure the reliability of information presented in financial reporting. The article aims to investigate the theoretical and methodological issues of accounting for crypto-assets and to justify approaches to their valuation and classification in the absence of specialized regulatory frameworks. The methodological basis of the research includes systems and institutional approaches, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis of international financial reporting standards and national practices, and generalization of scientific positions on the economic nature of crypto-assets. The study considers the possibility of classifying crypto-assets as intangible assets, inventories, or financial instruments, taking into account control criteria, expected economic benefits, and the feasibility of reliable valuation. As a result, it has been established that the key problems of accounting for crypto assets include the uncertainty of their legal status, the absence of unified approaches to initial recognition, the difficulty of determining fair value under conditions of high market volatility, and the ambiguity in reflecting revaluation results. It is substantiated that the choice of a crypto asset measurement model directly affects the indicators of assets, financial results, and equity of an enterprise, thereby reducing the comparability of financial reporting among business entities. The study demonstrates the need to develop specialized methodological recommendations for disclosing information about crypto-asset transactions in the notes to financial statements. In conclusion, it is determined that improvements to recognition and valuation methods for crypto-assets should be based on the principles of substance over form, prudence, and the reliability of accounting for business transactions. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential for formulating accounting policies for enterprises engaged in crypto-asset operations and for further developing the national accounting regulatory system under conditions of economic digitalization.