Theoretical principles of enterprise capital management in conditions of economic instability

Abstract

Abstract. The article examines the theoretical principles of enterprise capital management in conditions of economic instability and limited access to financial resources. The economic essence of capital is revealed as a set of own and borrowed financial resources that ensure the continuity of production and economic activity, financial stability and long-term development of the enterprise. Classical, financial and accounting approaches to the interpretation of capital are generalized, its functions are systematized and its place in the financial management system of the enterprise is determined. The paper analyzes the capital structure of enterprises, sources of formation of own and borrowed capital, as well as factors that influence the optimal ratio of financial resources, in particular industry specifics, profitability level, life cycle stage, cost of capital and macroeconomic conditions. Particular attention is paid to the influence of financial leverage, availability of credit resources and financial risks on ensuring the solvency and liquidity of the enterprise. The practical implementation of theoretical provisions is illustrated by the example of the activities of the ATV enterprise "Khmelnytsky Zalizobeton", for which the dynamics and structure of equity and debt capital for 2022–2024 were analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate the dominance of equity capital in the structure of financial resources, moderate use of borrowed funds and maintaining a high level of financial autonomy of the enterprise even under conditions of growth in borrowed capital. The feasibility of applying a comprehensive approach to capital management is substantiated, combining the effective use of internal sources of financing and controlled attraction of borrowed resources in order to minimize financial risks, increase financial stability and ensure stable development of enterprises in modern business conditions.